App install fraud is one of the most significant challenges in mobile advertising, where fraudulent traffic generates false app installs to increase advertising payouts. Fraudsters use bots or pay real people to download and install apps that they will never use. This practice artificially inflates the number of installs, which affects the effectiveness of advertising campaigns.

Click flooding is similar to click fraud, where malicious entities click on mobile ads, artificially increasing engagement rates and driving up advertising costs. Fraudsters use automated tools to generate a large number of clicks, leading to false engagement metrics and wasted advertising spend.

Attribution fraud is when the credit for app installs or in-app purchases is falsely attributed to a fraudulent source, causing advertisers to pay for fake installs. Fraudsters use a variety of techniques to trick attribution systems, such as using device farms or creating fake websites that mimic legitimate apps.

Ad stacking occurs when multiple ads are stacked on top of each other, but only the top ad is visible to users. This causes advertisers to pay for ad impressions that are not viewed by real users. Fraudsters use this technique to generate false engagement metrics and increase advertising payouts.

Fake impressions are created when a mobile device is used to generate multiple ad impressions, creating the impression of more engagement than actually exists. Fraudsters use bots or device farms to generate false impressions, leading to wasted advertising spend.

SDK spoofing involves fraudsters manipulating the software development kit (SDK) of mobile apps to generate fake installs or in-app purchases, leading to wasted advertising spend. Fraudsters use a variety of techniques, such as reverse engineering the SDK or using code injection, to manipulate the SDK and generate fake metrics.